Yeah I asked my father on the gun knowledge of this machinegun since he is good at examine guns that were in Russian WW2 museum. He told me that the more curved the magazine is, the more round it holds. So yeah this picture below is 25 round mag:
Magazines used with the weapon are curved single-row box magazines, for which some sources give magazine capacity of 30 rounds, while period documents such as Finnish Army manual for this light machinegun suggest that magazine capacity was in fact only 25 rounds. Reliability-wise it is quite common for magazines to work more reliably if loaded with somewhat smaller number of cartridges. Hence it is possible that the magazine capacity as in theory 30 rounds, but routinely may have not been loaded with more than 25 rounds in attempt to make the weapon work more reliably.
They use the same bore diameter but not the same round. AS-44 uses 7,62 × 39 mm (Intermediate cartridge) while mosin/DP and Maxim Tokarev use 7.62 x 54 mm, a much longer round with more kinetic energy.
Same applies to the Kar98k and the STG-44, same bore diameter but not same length in the ammo.
Well its curved for a reason as a way to put more rounds in a mag unlike straight mags. The more curved the magazine means more round it holds. In WW1 yeah most likely its 25 rounds, but export version is 30 rounds all the time.
Practically wise, it performs worse with 25 round mag as it can’t do the job very well in fighting longer before reloading which displeases the national big clients like Russia. Like they would prefer to use federov mgs instead of buying Madsen. So to please them, the export is mostly comes with 30 round mags. But yeah rarely there is 25 round mags for Madsen.
30 rounds or not, The Madsen was kinda shit during the tsarist Russia era, but they don’t care about that can go ahead waste resources on maintaining it. But when the Soviets came, they used it as a first stage weapon before mass producing enough DPs to replace it since the Soviets can’t waste time and resources on maintaining a complicated weapon that jams often and instead use it for other weapons.