Perhaps radiator gets damage and then overheating?
I’m a long time War Thunder veteran, at some point I unlocked (before new vehicles came later) all airplanes for USA/Soviets/Germany/Japan/Italy/France up to tier 4, mainly flying in Simulator Battles (Enduring Confrontations), so I know something about flying in WT.
Now what I’m going into, in WT some airplanes overheat much faster than the others, even more depending on the location such as desert maps - very hot temperature in the region - faster overheat in the same airplane than on winter maps where is cold. Another factor for engine temperature is simply altitude, higher alt means lower temperature outside, in WT some airplanes engines cooled under 0 °C at high altitude over 5000m on winter maps (would be quite different on desert maps).
About FW 190, again how it works in War Thunder, all or almost all Anton variants (Fw 190 A) will overheat very fast while flying with max throttle, while all Dora variants (Fw 190 D) can fly on max throttle for quite a long time (can’t remember exactly, but it could be 15-20 minutes).
The most important question is, if we get in Enlisted the same "complexity" of temperature for different envirnoments and altitudes as it's in War Thunder, two games that share so much.
So overall it’s not a simple answer does 110% throttle (or 100% for some) if used for cerain time will cause overheat or just engine damage, but a good habit is to not use max throttle for more than few minutes especially at low altitude as I believe Enlisted uses very similar system to that from War Thunder.
That might be it.